Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is caused by the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
It can cause a range of symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and discomfort during sex. If left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems and even death.
The cervix has two main parts:
- The ectocervix (also called exocervix) is the outer part of the cervix that can be seen during a gynecologic exam. The ectocervix is covered with thin, flat cells called squamous cells.
- The endocervix is the inner part of the cervix that forms a canal that connects the vagina to the uterus. The endocervix is covered with column-shaped glandular cells that make mucus.
The transformation zone is the border where the endocervix and ectocervix meet. Most cervical cancers begin in the squamous cells in the transformation zone.
However, cervical cancer can be prevented with regular cervical cancer screenings, such as HPV DNA tests, and the HPV vaccine, which can protect against the viruses that cause most cases of cervical cancer. Early detection and treatment are key to improving outcomes for people with cervical cancer.
